Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications

Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications

Mario Freire, Manuela Pereira

Copyright: © 2008 |Pages: 750

ISBN13: 9781591409939|ISBN10: 1591409934|EISBN13: 9781591409946

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

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MLA

Freire, Mario, and Manuela Pereira, editors. Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications. IGI Global, 2008. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

APA

Freire, M. & Pereira, M. (Eds.). (2008). Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications. IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

Chicago

Freire, Mario, and Manuela Pereira, eds. Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, 2008. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-993-9

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The Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications discusses the extraordinary importance of Internet technologies, with a particular focus on the Web. Through 100 authoritative contributions by 181 of the world's leading experts the Encyclopedia of Internet Technologies and Applications includes comprehensive research on Web services, Semantic Web, and Web-based e-activities, among others.

This reference tool is the single source for information on the world's greatest network, and provides a wealth of information for the average Internet consumer, as well as for an expert in the field of networking and Internet technologies. This comprehensive reference provides libraries with the most thorough examination of Internet technologies and applications—an essential resource in supporting the information needs of researchers in a variety of related fields.

Table of Contents

Reset

Front Materials

Title Page

Copyright Page

Editorial Advisory Board

Preface

Acknowledgment

Articles

Article

Active Queue Management (pages 1-6)

Michele Mara de Araújo Espíndula Lima, Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca

Although powerful and necessary to prevent network collapse, the congestion control mechanism of the TCP is not sufficient to avoid congestion. Since TCP sources exert a limited control of the network, and unresponsive flows, which...

Article

Adaptive Routing Quality of Service Algorithms for Internet's Irregular Traffic (pages 7-15)

Abdelhamid Mellouk

Networks, such as the Internet, have become the most important communication infrastructure of today’s society. It enables the worldwide users (individual, group, and organizational) to access and exchange remote information...

Article

Adaptive Transmission of Multimedia Data over the Internet (pages 16-22)

Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, Kostas Stamos

In this article, we concentrate on the architecture of an adaptive real time application that has the capability to transmit multimedia data over heterogeneous networks and adapt the transmission of the multimedia data to the network...

Article

Addressing the Credibility of Web Applications (pages 23-28)

Pankaj Kamthan

The Internet, particularly the Web, has opened new vistas for businesses. The ability that anyone, using (virtually) any device could be reached anytime and anywhere presents a tremendous commercial prospective. In retrospect, the...

Article

ADSL2+ Technology (pages 29-35)

D. Kagklis, S. Androulidakis, G. Patikis, T. Doukoglou

This chapter presents and evaluates the ADSL2+ technology with respect to its physical layer performance, which provides the foundation for supporting high-quality residential triple-play services on a massive scale.

Article

Advanced Techniques for Web Content Filtering (pages 36-44)

Elisa Bertino, Elena Ferrari, Andrea Perego, Gian Piero Zarri

In this chapter, besides discussing the current strategies for Web content filtering, outlining their advantages and drawbacks, we present an approach, formerly developed in the framework of the EU project EUFORBIA, which, besides...

Article

Agent-Based Web Services (pages 45-51)

Larbi Esmahi, Ylber Ramadani

Web services have become a significant technology in the evolution of the Web and distributed computing. Web services represent a set of related standards that allow any two applications to communicate and exchange data via the...

Article

ALBA Cooperative Environment for Scientific Experiments (pages 52-58)

Andrea Bosin, Nicoletta Dessì, Maria Grazia Fugini, Diego Liberati, Barbara Pes

Scientific experiments are supported by activities that create, use, communicate and distribute information and whose organizational dynamics is similar to processes performed by distributed cooperative enterprise units. The aim of...

Article

Analysis of TCP-Friendly Protocols for Media Streaming (pages 59-65)

Gábor Hosszú, David Tegze

This chapter presents various congestion control schemes for transport protocols together with a number of metrics for the evaluation of these protocols with special emphasis on fairness-related measures. The paper analyzes some...

Article

Autonomic Computing (pages 66-71)

Kevin Curran, Maurice Mulvenna, Chris Nugent, Matthias Baumgarten

Modern networks offer end-to-end connectivity however; the increasing amount of traditional offered services may still not fulfill the requirements of ever demanding distributed applications and must therefore be enriched by some...

Article

Autonomic Networking (pages 72-78)

Pantelis N. Karamolegkos, Charalampos Patrikakis, Emmanuel Protonotarios

The term “autonomic networking” refers to a recently emerged communications paradigm, that uses distributed techniques (swarm intelligence based methods) and distributed hash tables to implement traditional functionalities of...

Article

Cfengine Configuration Management Agent (pages 79-85)

Mark Burgess

Cfengine is a policy-based configuration management system (Burgess 1995). Its pri-mary function is to provide automated configuration and maintenance of computers, from a policy specification.The cfengine project was started in 1993...

Article

A Clustering Model of the Application-Level Multicast (pages 86-92)

Gábor Hosszú, Raymond Pardede

This chapter reviews the most important fact of the application-level multicast (ALM) and then describes a novel concept of modeling relative density of members called bunched mode and a proposed host-end multicast routing protocol...

Article

Collaborative Support for Graphical-Based Design Tools (pages 93-99)

Wong Kok Seng, Sellappan Palaniappan, Nor Adnan Yahaya

In today’s Information and Communication Technology (ICT) era, the need for real-time collaboration over the Internet is increasing. Due to ongoing corporate globalization and geographic dispersion of project operations...

Article

Comparison of Multipath Schemes for Hybrid Models in MPLS (pages 100-105)

Kyeongja Lee, Armand Toguyeni, Ahmed Rahmani

Congestion is derived from insufficient network resources and unbalanced traffic distribution. To treat today’s greedy applications, adding more bandwidth to networks is not the solution for solving the congestion problems in the...

Article

Congestion Control in Multicast Networks (pages 106-111)

Miguel Rodríguez Pérez, Cándidol López-García, Sergio Herrería-Alonso

Multicast is a transmission service that simultaneously delivers packets from a sender to a group of receivers. The set of receivers form a multicast group logically identi?ed by a unique multicast address. In a network with network...

Article

Content-Aware Caching for Cooperative Transcoding Proxies (pages 112-118)

Kyungbaek Kim, Byungjip Kim, Daeyeon Park

In recent years, the technologies of the network and the computer have developed enormously and the diverse devices such as PDAs, mobile phones, TVs and etc which are connected to the network with various ways such as wired or...

Article

Context-Aware Service Discovery in Ubiquitous Computing (pages 119-125)

Huaqun Guo, Daqing Zhang, Lek-Heng Ngoh, Song Zheng, Wai-Choong Wong

The decreasing cost of networking technology and network-enabled devices is driving the large scale deployment of such networks and devices so as to offer many new and innovative services to users in ubiquitous computing. For...

Article

Creative Information Systems (pages 126-131)

Vitor Santos, Henrique São Mamede

In this context, the hypothesis to appeal to the capacity of computer systems, based in knowledge or in adaptations of creativity techniques in order to help to produce new combinations and to give unexpected, original, useful and...

Article

Data Caching in Web Applications (pages 132-141)

Tony C. Shan, Winnie W. Hua

Nowadays, the eCommerce business models demand increasingly higher performance of information systems that support various business processes. Higher levels of service at a lower cost must be provided by the Information Technology...

Article

Data Extraction from Deep Web Sites (pages 142-149)

Hadrian Peter, Charles Greenidge

Traditionally a great deal of research has been devoted to data extraction on the web (Crescenzi, et al, 2001; Embley, et al, 2005; Laender, et al, 2002; Hammer, et al, 1997; Ribeiro-Neto, et al, 1999; Huck, et al, 1998; Wang &...

Article

The Differentiated Services Architecture (pages 150-156)

Sergio Herrería-Alonso, Manuel Fernández Veiga, Andrés Suárez González, Miguel Rodríguez Pérez, Cándido López-García

IP networks only offer best-effort service to all kinds of traffic. This means that IP tries to deliver each packet as quickly as possible, but makes no service guarantees. However, as the diversity of applications increase, this...

Article

DNS-Based Allocation of Multicast Addresses (pages 157-164)

Mihály Orosz, Gábor Hosszú, Ferenc Kovács

Despite the efficiency of the IP-multicast it has not been deployed in the whole Internet. The main reason is that the wide-area multicasting among the different autonomous systems (AS) has not been solved perfectly. The global...

Article

E-Collaboration Concepts, Systems, and Applications (pages 165-171)

Christos Bouras, Eri Giannaka, Thrasyvoulos Tsiatsos

E-Collaboration is an important research topic, with a great number of researchers contributing on many aspects. The main reason for this major research activity is the broad topic’s scope, which involves not only technological but...

Article

Efficient and Scalable Client-Clustering for Proxy Cache (pages 172-178)

Kyungbaek Kim, Daeyeon Park

The recent increase in popularity of the Web has led to a considerable increase in the amount of Internet traffic. As a result, the Web has now become one of the primary bottlenecks to network performance and web caching has become...

Article

E-Learning (pages 179-184)

Gregory R. Gay, Paola Salomoni, Silvia Mirri

The evolution of an Information Society has transformed many activities in our everyday lives, including how we work, communicate, entertain, teach and learn. More recently widespread Internet connectivity together with the...

Article

Ethernet to the Doorstep of Metropolitan Area Networks (pages 185-191)

Lampros Raptis, D. Kagklis, Yiorgos Patikis

Ethernet has become the predominant technology in the Local Area Networks (LANs) due to its simplicity and cost effectiveness. It has been evolved over the past years from a simple shared medium protocol to a full duplex switched...

Article

Extend the Building Automation System through Internet (pages 192-198)

Kin Cheong Chu

There are several different ways to connect to the remote controller, each being adapted to specific situations, such as location and availability of communications equipment. Among these methods, Internet is one of the best choices...

Article

Hackers, Hacking, and Eavesdropping (pages 199-204)

Kevin Curran, Peter Breslin, Kevin McLaughlin, Gary Tracey

"Access" is defined in Section 2(1)(a) of the Information Technology Act as "gaining entry into, instructing or communicating with the logical, arithmetical, or memory function resources of a computer, computer system or computer...

Article

Handheld Computing and Palm OS Programming for Mobile Commerce (pages 205-214)

Wen-Chen Hu, Lixin Fu, Hung-Jen Yang, Sheng-Chien Lee

It is widely acknowledged that mobile commerce is a field of enormous potential. However, it is also commonly admitted that the development in this field is constrained. There are still considerable barriers waiting to be overcome....

Article

Impact of Portal Technologies on Executive Information Systems (pages 215-221)

Udo Averweg, Geoff Erwin, Don Petkov

Internet portals may be seen as Web sites which provide the gateway to corporate information from a single point of access. Leveraging knowledge—both internal and external—is the key to using a portal as a centralized database of...

Article

Intellectual Property and the Internet (pages 222-227)

Alexandra George

‘Intellectual property’ (or ‘IP’) is an umbrella term that is used as shorthand to describe a variety of diverse doctrines that create legally-enforceable monopolies over the use of or access to ideas, information and knowledge. As...

Article

Internet Gambling (pages 228-234)

Mark Griffiths, Adrian Parke

Technology has always played a role in the development of gambling practices and continues to provide new market opportunities. One of the fastest growing areas is that of Internet gambling (also known as online gambling). Examples...

Article

Internet Measurements (pages 235-241)

Artur Ziviani

In the mid 90’s, the Internet has started its metamorphosis from a tool restricted to the scientific community into a crucial component of the modern information society. The evolution in the last 15 years from 2,000 to 180,000...

Article

IP Multicasting (pages 242-248)

Robert R. Chodorek

The origins of IP multicasting go back to 1986. However, multicasting in its current form was introduced only in 1989. During 20 years of IP multicasting, the service has been evolving continuously – new multicast transport protocols...

Article

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) for Emerging All-IP Networks (pages 249-256)

Muhammad Sher, Fabricio Carvalho de Gouveia, Thomas Magedanz

Today the traditional telecommunication technology is declining because of popularity and increasing demand of Voice over IP (VoIP) due to the reason that deployment, maintenance and operation of data networks based on IP...

Article

The IPv6 Protocol (pages 257-268)

Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas

This article provides a description of the IPv6 protocol. It briefly covers the reasons that make IPv6 a necessary upgrade, describes the most important methods for transitioning networks, applications, and hosts from IPv4 to IPv6...

Article

Issues and Applications of Internet Traffic Modelling (pages 263-268)

Rachel Babiarz, Jean-Sebastien Bedo

Traffic modelling has always been the prior to numerous network engineering tasks like network planning or bandwidth yield management. It is still a huge research domain mainly based on advanced signal processing techniques. It can...

Article

Java Web Application Frameworks (pages 269-276)

Tony C. Shan, Winnie W. Hua

In the information systems environment, a framework is a well-defined structural and behavioral model in which applications can be organized and developed. A framework may consist of a variety of artifacts to help design, develop and...

Article

Light-Weight Content-Based Search for File Sharing Systems (pages 277-283)

Gábor Richly, Gábor Hosszú, Ferenc Kovács

This chapter presents a novel approach to search in shared audio file storages, such as P2P-based systems. The proposed method is based on the recognition of specific patterns in the audio contents in such a way to extend the...

Article

Malicious Software (pages 284-290)

Thomas M. Chen, Gregg W. Tally

Malicious software (malware) allows an intruder to take over or damage a target host without the owner’s consent and often without his or her knowledge. Over the past thirty years, malware has become a more serious worldwide problem...

Article

Mobility Protocols (pages 291-298)

Sherali Zeadally, Farhan Siddiqui

In recent years; we have witnessed a tremendous growth of wireless networks as well as the emergence of various kinds of devices (Personal Digital Assistants; handhelds; digital cellular phones) with different capabilities and...

Article

Model-Driven Engineering of Distributed Applications (pages 299-304)

Karim El Guemhioui

The information technology (IT) industry has been moving so fast that companies implementing complex distributed software solutions hardly complete a system deployment on a given network middleware before either they are offered a...

Article

Modeling IP Traffic Behavior through Markovian Models (pages 305-315)

Antóniol Nogueira, Paulo Salvador, Rui Valadas, António Pacheco

This article addresses the use of Markovian models, based on discrete time MMPPs (dMMPPs), for modeling IP traffic. In order to describe the packet arrival process, we will present three traffic models that were designed to capture...

Article

Multicast of Multimedia Data (pages 316-322)

Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, Kostas Stamos

The heterogeneous network environment that Internet provides to real time applications as well as the lack of sufficient QoS (Quality of Service) guarantees, many times forces applications to embody adaptation schemes in order to...

Article

Multimedia for Mobile Devices (pages 323-330)

Kevin Curran

Mobile communications is a continually growing sector in industry and a wide variety of visual services such as video-on-demand have been created which are limited by low-bandwidth network infrastructures. The distinction between...

Article

Multimedia Internet Applications over WiMAX Networks: State-of-the-Art and Research Challenges (pages 331-338)

Nicola Scalabrino, Daniele Miorandi, Enrico Gregori, Imrich Chlamtac

The market for conventional first mile solutions (e.g., cable, fiber etc.) presents indeed high entrance barriers, and it is thus difficult for new operators to make their way into the field. This is due to the extremely high impact...

Article

Network Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms in Multicast Transmission (pages 339-345)

Yezid Donoso, Ramón Fabregat

To support QoS in today’s Internet, several new architecture models have been proposed (Striegel, A., & Manimaran, G. (2002)). Traffic engineering has become a key issue within these new architectures, as supporting QoS requires more...

Article

Network Survivability in Optical Networks with IP Prospective (pages 346-352)

Hongsik Choi, Seung S. Yang

Survivability is the ability of the network to withstand faults and attacks including equipment and link failures. The main goal of survivable network is to be able to perform fast recovering at as small cost as possible (i.e., using...

Article

Network-Based Intrusion Detection (pages 353-359)

Gábor Hosszú, Zoltán Czirkos

As an example of the application for non-conventional purposes a security system is presented in the article that utilizes just the network for protecting the operating system of the computers. The software maintains a database about...

Article

Network-Layer Mobility Protocols for IPv6-Based Networks (pages 360-366)

K. Daniel Wong, Ashutosh Dutta

The Internet is in some ways like the proverbial massive software project whose requirements keep changing, and which is never completed. When the Internet protocols were first designed, there was no concept of the future requirement...

Article

Networked Appliances and Home Networking: Internetworking the Home (pages 367-374)

Madjid Merabti, Paul Fergus, Omar Abuelma’atti

The Internet has revolutionised the way we access and disseminate information and changed the way we communicate with each other. More and more homes are Internet-enabled as people from all walks of life embrace this technology...

Article

Optical Burst Switching (pages 375-382)

Kyriakos Vlachos

Switching in core optical networks is currently being performed using high-speed electronic or all-optical circuit switches. Switching with high-speed electronics requires optical-to-electronic (O/E) conversion of the data stream...

Article

Optical Network Survivability (pages 383-390)

N. S.C. Correia, M. C.R. Medeiros

The telecommunications world is evolving dramatically toward challenging scenarios where the fast and efficient transportation of information is becoming a key element in today’s society. Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)...

Article

Optimizing Inter-Domain Internet Multicast (pages 391-397)

Huaqun Guo, Lek-Heng Ngoh, Wai-Choong Wong

In the age of multimedia and high-speed networks, there are many applications that involve sending information to a selective, usually large, number of clients. Common examples of such applications include audio/video conferencing...

Article

Performance of Mobility Protocols (pages 398-406)

Sherali Zeadally, Farhan Siddiqui

In mobile computing environments; the goal is to provide continuous connectivity as a mobile host moves from one network to another – often referred to as terminal mobility. All the needed reconnection occurs automatically and...

Article

Positive-Feedback Preference Model of the Internet Topology (pages 407-410)

Shi Zhou

This chapter introduces a recently proposed Internet model, namely the positive-feedback preference (PFP) model (Zhou & Mondragón, 2004a). The model is a precise and complete Internet topology generator, which accurately reproduces...

Article

Privacy in the Digital World (pages 411-417)

Stefanos Gritzalis, Costas Lambrinoudakis

Recent years have witnessed a significant evolution in the way information and communication systems are utilized, transforming modern communities into modern information societies. Nowadays, personal data are available or/and can be...

Article

Quality of Service and Service Level Agreements (pages 418-424)

Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, Kostas Stamos

In order for advanced applications in modern computer networks to function satisfactorily, there is often the need for a guaranteed network performance and guaranteed values for several network parameters. When the provisioning and...

Article

Quality of Service Architectures (pages 425-431)

Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, Kostas Stamos

IP networks are built around the idea of best effort networking, which makes no guarantees regarding the delivery, speed, and accuracy of the transmitted data. While this model is suitable for a large number of applications, and...

Article

Quality of Service by Way of Path Selection Policy (pages 432-440)

Wayne Goodridge, Hadrian Peter, William Robertson

The pervasive use of the Internet, the world’s most extensive public communication system, for services ranging from academic research and e-mail to electronic commerce, necessitates that a policy should be put in place to ensure...

Article

Quality of Service in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (pages 441-448)

Winston K.G. Seah, Hwee-Xian Tan

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) form a class of multi-hop wireless networks that can easily be deployed on-the-fly. These are autonomous systems that do not require existing infrastructure; each participating node in the network acts...

Article

Quality of Service Routing (pages 449-455)

Marília Curado

Traditionally, Internet routing is achieved through shortest path protocols that base their decision on the number of hops or administrative metrics. The path computation algorithms belong either to the distance vector or link state...

Article

Rate Adaptation Mechanisms for Multimedia Streaming (pages 456-462)

Charalampos Patrikakis, P. Fafali, Pantelis N. Karamolegkos, Y. Despotopoulos, N. Minogiannis

During the last decade, multimedia streaming has experienced explosive growth. Adaptive video has become a necessity for meeting stringent QoS requirements in non-guaranteed IP networks. Since the user is the final point in the...

Article

Real-Time Protocols (RTP/RTCP) (pages 463-468)

Christos Bouras, Apostolos Gkamas, Dimitris Primpas, Kostas Stamos

Real-time protocols cover specific needs by applications with real-time characteristics. Real-time applications, such as voice over IP (VoIP), videoconferencing applications, video on demand, continuous data applications, and control...

Article

Rich-Club Phenomenon of the Internet Topology (pages 469-472)

Shi Zhou

This chapter introduces a recently discovered structure of the Internet, namely the rich-club phenomenon (Zhou & Mondragón, 2004a). The significance of this discovery is that an appreciation of the rich-club phenomenon is essential...

Article

Scalable Reservation-Based QoS Architecture (SRBQ) (pages 473-482)

Rui Prior, Susana Sargento

Having its roots in the military ARPANET, conceived as a data transport network with a focus on resilience, the Internet supports only a best-effort service model, where all packets are treated the same way, therefore providing a...

Article

Scaling Properties of Network Traffic (pages 483-489)

David Rincón, Sebastià Sallent

The availability of good stochastic models of network traffic is the key to developing protocols and services. A precise statistical characterization of packet interarrival time, size distribution, and connection arrival rate help...

Article

Seamless Multi-Hop Handover in IPv6-Based Hybrid Wireless Networks (pages 490-497)

Tonghong Li

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are becoming popular due to the abundance of mobile devices, the speed and the convenience of deployment, and the independence of network infrastructure (Chin, 2002; Royer, 1999). It is desired that...

Article

Security Issues with Wi-Fi Networks (pages 498-504)

Kevin Curran, Elaine Smyth

On the surface, WLANs act the same as their wired counterparts, transporting data between network devices. However, there is one fundamental, and quite significant, difference: WLANs are based upon radio communications technology as...

Article

The Semantic Web (pages 505-511)

Kevin Curran, Gary Gumbleton

Tim Berners-Lee, director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), states that, “The Semantic Web is not a separate Web but an extension of the current one, in which information is given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers...

Article

Semantic Web Languages and Ontologies (pages 512-518)

Livia Predoiu, Anna V. Zhdanova

On the current World Wide Web, most of the information is stored syntactically, i.e., only as data. The information that lies within the data can only be understood by humans and not automatically by computer programs. In order to...

Article

Semantic Web Services: A Technology for Service-Oriented Computing (pages 519-524)

Dumitru Roman, Ioan Toma, Dieter Fensel

Service-oriented computing (SOC) is the new emerging paradigm for distributed computing, especially in the area of e-business and e-work processing, that has evolved from object-oriented and component-based computing to enable the...

Article

Service Provisioning in the IP Multimedia Subsystem (pages 525-531)

Adetola Oredope, Antonio Liotta

The IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) specifies a service centric framework for converged, all-IP networks. This promises to provide the long awaited environment for deploying technology-neutral services over fixed, wireless, and...

Article

Session Initiation Protocol (pages 532-538)

Ilija Basicevic, Miroslav Popovic

With the appearance of the Internet as an important communications medium for widespread everyday use, which can be dated to the mid 90s, a need to establish a signalization protocol for multimedia communications was recognized....

Article

Sharing Protected Web Resources (pages 539-544)

Sylvia Encheva, Sharil Tumin

Role-based access control (RBAC) is a security mechanism that can lower the cost and complexity of security administration for large networked applications. RBAC simplifies security administration by using roles, hierarchies, and...

Article

Social and P2P Networks on the Internet (pages 545-550)

Milica Stojmenovic

This article studies social networks on the Internet created by popular applications such as e-mails, Web, chat, file sharing via peer-to-peer interaction, and online gaming. The Internet has its roots in military and academia....

Article

Software Modernization of Legacy Systems for Web Services Interoperability (pages 551-557)

Chia-Chu Chiang

Software maintenance is an inevitable process due to program evolution (Lehman & Belady, 1985). Adaptive maintenance (Schenidewind, 1987) is an activity used to adapt software to new environments or new requirements due to the...

Article

The Speech-Enabled Web (pages 558-567)

L. E. Moser, P. M. Melliar-Smith

Speech recognition and synthesis technology has advanced to the point where the use of voice input and output is now feasible for Web-based applications over the Internet. This article describes applications, standards, and...

Article

Standards in Asynchronous E-Learning Systems (pages 568-574)

Sergio Gutiérrez, Abelardo Pardo, Carlos Delgado Kloos

E-learning has evolved very rapidly in recent years, from a first stage in which a set of documents were simply made available to the students in an electronic platform, to current tools that integrate not only academic but also...

Article

Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) (pages 575-582)

Farhan Siddiqui, Sherali Zeadally

The proliferation of wired and wireless technologies has given rise to the possibility of multi-access options for mobile, multi-homed hosts. Enabling multi-access techniques improves fault tolerance by adding redundancy to network...

Article

Survey: Pricing Ubiquitous Network Services (pages 583-592)

Jairo A. Gutiérrez

One of the keys for the success of ubiquitous network services is the issue of assigning prices to those services. Furthermore, ubiquitous services based on a network of complementary technologies, both fixed and wireless, have...

Article

Survivability Mechanisms of Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching (pages 593-599)

M. C.R. Medeiros, N. S.C. Correia

Internet protocol (IP) over optical (IP-over-optical) networks is the widely accepted solution to meet the ever increasing demands of IP traffic. In an IP-over-optical network, the IP routers are attached to an optical core network...

Article

Swarm Intelligence Applications for the Internet (pages 600-605)

Sergio Gutiérrez, Abelardo Pardo, Carlos Delgado Kloos

A swarm may be defined as a population of interacting elements that is able to optimize some global objective through collaborative search of a space (Kennedy, 2001). The elements may be very simple machines or very complex living...

Article

A Taxonomy of Online Game Security (pages 606-611)

Kuen Park, Heejo Lee

People enjoy playing games for simple pleasure. Recently, since the emergence and advance of the computer technologies, especially in terms of graphic and networking, which enables people to experience virtual world with a computer...

Article

TCP and TCP-Friendly Protocols (pages 612-618)

Agnieszka Chodorek

One of the most popular transport protocols—Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)—has a long history. The first document describing TCP protocol in early stages was published in 1974. Since then, TCP specification was changed several...

Article

TCP Enhancements for Mobile Internet (pages 619-625)

Bhaskar Sardar, Debashis Saha

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the most popular transport layer communication protocol for the Internet, was originally designed for wired networks, where bit error rate (BER) is low and congestion is the primary cause of...

Article

TCP for High-Speed Networks (pages 626-632)

Nelson Luís Saldanha da Fonseca, Neila Fernanda Michel

In response to a series of collapses due to congestion on the Internet in the mid-’80s, congestion control was added to the transmission control protocol (TCP) (Jacobson, 1988), thus allowing individual connections to control the...

Article

Towards Autonomic Infrastructures via Mobile Agents and Active Networks (pages 633-639)

Stamatis Karnouskos

As we move towards service-oriented complex infrastructures, what is needed, security, robustness, and intelligence distributed within the network. Modern systems are too complicated to be centrally administered; therefore, the need...

Article

Towards Formulation of Principles for Engineering Web Applications (pages 640-646)

Pankaj Kamthan

The last decade has seen remarkable changes in the way Web applications are developed and the services that are expected from them. The desire to control and manage the size and complexity of Web applications has led to a systematic...

Article

Traffic Control (pages 647-652)

Thomas M. Chen

Networks are designed to handle a certain amount of traffic with an acceptable level of network performance. Network performance will deteriorate if the offered traffic exceeds the given network capacity. Packets will suffer long...

Article

Transporting TDM Service on Metropolitan Bus-Based Optical Packet Switching Networks (pages 653-662)

Viet Hung Nguyen, Tülin Atmaca

Today’s telecommunication world is seeing dramatic changes in network infrastructures and services. These changes are mainly driven by the ever-growing rate of network traffic. Global Internet traffic is doubling each year due to...

Article

Voice Over Internet Protocol: A New Paradigm in Voice Communication (pages 663-669)

Indranil Bose, Fong Man Chun

One of the hottest technologies these days is voice communication over packet-switched data networks. This is known as voice over Internet protocol (VoIP). Hardy (2003) defines VoIP as “the interactive voice exchange capability...

Article

Waking Up Sensor Networks (pages 670-677)

Yew-Fai Wong, Trina Kok, Lek-Heng Ngoh, Wai-Choong Wong, Winston K.G. Seah

Our natural world is an environment that is highly changes may impact lives on a large scale, such as those caused by a Tsunami, global warming, or global dimming phenomena. Monitoring technologies have improved tremendously over the...

Article

Web Accessibility (pages 678-683)

Gregory R. Gay, Paola Salomoni, Silvia Mirri

Technologies have been developed to make personal computers accessible to people with disabilities, important for promoting inclusion in everyday life, education, and work. In the 90s, the spread of Internet applications, and...

Article

Web Mining: A Conceptual Overview on Intelligent Information Retrieval Systems (pages 684-689)

Henrik Hanke, Alf Neumann

The scale and scope of information on the Internet has been extended enormously over the past decade. The growth of more and more intelligent Web-based services and applications has resulted in an enormous growth of potentially...

Article

Web Services (pages 690-695)

Kevin Curran, Padraig O’Kane

The term “Web services” was initially employed by Bill Gates, chairman of Microsoft, at the Microsoft Professional Developers Conference in Orlando, Florida on July 12, 2000. Fundamentally, the term refers to automated resources...

Article

Web-Based Commerce Applications: Adoption and Evaluation (pages 696-701)

Chad Lin, Helen Cripps, Yu-An Huang

The transaction of business via the Web is becoming an imperative for organizations aiming at improving their competitiveness. The Web-based commerce applications allow organizations to access potential customers and suppliers via...

Article

Web-Based Information Systems in Construction Industry: A Case Study for Healthcare Projects (pages 702-710)

Alaa Abdou, John Lewis, Moh’d A. Radaideh, Sameera Al Zarooni

This paper describes the development and construction of a Web-based system for the appraisal stage of public healthcare construction projects in the United Arab Emirates. The system is implemented on the World Wide Web. PHP and...

Article

Wi-Fi Technology (pages 711-716)

Antonios Alexiou, Dimitrios Antonellis, Christos Bouras

Wi-Fi, short for “wireless fidelity,” is a term for certain types of wireless local area network (WLAN) that use specifications in the 802.11 family. In general, the wireless technologies are used for the replacement or the expansion...

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